B R Nahata Smriti Sansthan International Journal of Phramaceutical Sciences & Clinical Research

Apparent Crazy Paving “Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis versus Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis”

Unnati Desai — 2023-12-15

Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is an umbrella term for a large group of chronic disorders that involve the entire lung parenchyma as well as the alveolar interstitium. Fibrosis of the alveolar interstitium is a process common to all ILDs. It can be considered as a sequela of chronic alveolitis that produces a derangement of the alveolar structures and ultimately leads to loss of functional gas exchange units. Fibrosis may progressively cause lung stiffness, reducing the ability of the air sacs to capture and carry oxygen into the bloodstream and eventually lead to permanent loss of ability to breathe. It ultimately culminates in “end-stage lung disease”. ILD can be caused by exposure to hazardous chemicals, certain medications, and medical treatments. Diagnosis of ILDs is done by evaluation of patient through chest radiograph and high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) features. At present, open or thoracic lung biopsy is gold standard for the diagnosis of ILDs. The “crazy-paving” pattern is a common finding nowadays at HRCT of lungs. It consists of diffuse ground-glass attenuation with superimposed interlobular septal thickening and intralobular lines resembling the structure of irregularly shaped paving stones. Crazy pavement in HRCT thorax is seen most commonly in acute respiratory distress syndrome, bacterial pneumonia, acute interstitial pneumonia and pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. Less common causes are drug-induced pneumonitis, radiation pneumonitis, pulmonary hemorrhage, chronic eosinophilic pneumonia, UIP, and pulmonary edema. We herein present a case of ILD with interesting HRCT pattern of crazy pavement pattern.

The Cerebral Arterio-Venous Malformations Radiological Portrayal

Dusan J. Petrovic — 2023-12-15

Increased detection and characterization of incidental cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) have been documented as a consequence of the more and more recurrent utilization of the most advanced multimodal imaging examinations. The natural history and pathophysiology of cerebral AVM are still not well understood, and its multidisciplinary management is still highly debatable and very controversial. However, the scientific and clinical understanding of cerebral AVMs is practically constantly evolving each and every day. It is clear from previous and current documentation that AVMs can undergo a plethora of very different phenomena, including growth and re-growth, complex and various remodeling, progression, or regression, and all the previously mentioned processes are presumably a combination of both molecular, submolecular, physiological, and pathophysiological mechanisms. A deeper perception and understanding of these complex processes are crucial and of paramount importance to directing future proper and optimal therapeutic approaches. Hereby is represented a 56-years-old subject operated on approximately 40 years ago in Russia due to ruptured aneurysms coming to the tertial health unit due to the sudden onset of complex clinical symptoms (crisis of consciousness, headache in the previous 3 days, left-sided hemiparesis middle-degree in past medical history, with vomiting), with a special focus on cerebral AVM radiological portrayal and also discussing the different imaging techniques at the moment available for detecting cerebral AVMs with reference to the advantages and major drawbacks of each imaging modality and future perspectives in this field. As comprehension and awareness in the field of cerebral AVMs continue to advance and breakthrough, the natural history and predicted clinical and neurological behavior of cerebral AVMs will hopefully become in the nearest future more and more clearly and minutely elucidated.

Quality by design – A Systematic Approach to Enhance Quality Matrix

Ankita Bhadoriya — 2023-12-15

Quality by design is utilized by the pharmaceutical industry to achieve quality products. This approach focuses on designing and developing products and processes to ensure predefined quality. It is a science-based approach that reduces product variation and enables process control strategies, improving process reliability and understanding. It is considered the sensible approach to minimizing batch failures, deviations, and expensive investigations. Quality by design (QbD) elements include quality target product profile, critical quality attributes, critical material attributes, critical process parameters, a control strategy that includes specifications for the drug substance(s), excipient(s), and process capability and continual improvement. Thus, the QbD is a modern approach to developing an effective and quality pharmaceutical product.

Optimizing Patient Care: A Review on Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of some Clinically used Drugs

Dipesh Prajapati — 2023-12-15

Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is a tool for optimizing the prescription in clinical practice to perform the drug assay and interpretation the result to get the constant concentration in the patient bloodstream. TDM was started 60 years ago and the objective of TDM is to maximize the therapeutic effect of therapy by reducing toxicity and efficacy failure by monitoring patient compliance. As we already know that these drugs have a narrow therapeutic window. The scope of TDM in India has additional indications because it will help reduce the drug resistance in patients treated by antimicrobial agents and help decide the highly effective therapy for individual patients. The clinical application of TDM is very useful for pharmacoeconomic study which can be improve the patient adherence. Clinical pharmacologists could increase the utility of TDM with the expert contribution of physicians. This method can improve the individual patient therapy outcome. TDM has two important aspects to study pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics. TDM is very useful to decide the dose in renal and hepatic compromised patients. Patient blood profile of an individual patient plays a crucial role to get the optimum therapeutic effect with less toxicity. TDM plays a vital role in the clinical practice of antiepileptic, anti-cancer, antimicrobial, immunosuppressant therapies, and cardiac glycosides and antitubercular agents. In India, the scope of TDM will increase day by day as increase the use of investigational use of drugs and improve the utility of the clinical pharmacology department. In developing countries, TDM has a high chance to grow with high speed.

Cu(II) Metal Complexes of Pyridyl-based Schiff Bases and Their Biological Importance: A Review Study

Archana Singh — 2023-12-15

Schiff base plays a key role in the evolution of coordination chemistry as they form stable coordination compounds with most of the transition metal ions. Some important transition metals such as Co, Mn, Ni, Zn, and Cu have a significant role in the synthesis of the Schiff base metal complex. The synthesis of Schiff base transition metal Cu(II) complexes using Schiff base as ligands is studied keeping in view the possibility of obtaining coordination compounds of new structure with more stability. They also show excellent biological activities such as anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antibiotic, antioxidative, antifungal, antibacterial, antiviral, and enzymatic activities. The ligand and metal complexes are characterized by elemental analyses, molar conductivity, magnetic moment, FT-IR, UV-Vis, Mass, and ¹H-NMR spectrometry as well as thermal analyses. This review paper summarizes to know about the chemistry of different derivatives of substituted Schiff bases and their Cu(II) complexes with their biological importance.